Want to respond in a helpful way, but short on time at the moment. Standby for an edit with some thoughts, hopefully a little later today.
Edit: Okay, @cstan097, here’s that edit I promised. Sorry for the delay—have had a hectic few days here.
Disclaimer: my opinions based on my experience in my field—so grain of salt with everything.
Problems in industry as interesting as in academia? Yes. As a PhD student (and then as a faculty member), the research problem horizon was 5-10 years out, if not more in some cases. Some problems we tackle in my current position are that far out, but most demand an answer much sooner than 5 years, even—more like a year for most problems. The other aspect of industrial R&D is practicality—we need an answer that works, even if it’s not optimal, or the best, or the way it’ll be done in 2 years, in 5 years, … So, yes, I work on tough, interesting problems in industry, just like I did as an academic. I just view those problems through a different lens now.
Freedom to pursue my ideas. Not so straightforward, particularly at first. As an academic, I had to find funding for my work, which can be a significant problem. I had success, but it wasn’t easy. I left academics for a company whose problems aligned with my interests, which means I get a paycheck regardless. I do try to get external funding for my work, but my success isn’t anchored in that as directly as it was when in academia. Also, be aware that even after several successful years as a faculty member, I didn’t direct my R&D in my current position immediately. And certainly not with the level of autonomy that I have now. That took time and energy as well. You’ve just caught me at a time of life when I’m actively reaping the rewards of that investment.
Income. I didn’t leave academia because of the pay—it was more than enough to raise a family and live the kind of life my wife and I value. (I’ll note that Mrs. SvenG is still in academia and has worked full-time almost continually since she finished her dissertation work, even when the kiddos were young. That was our choice for our family, but that may not be for everyone, obviously.) Anyway, at the end of the day, I do make more in industry than I would be making as a faculty member, plain and simple.
I think that covers most of your questions, but if I missed something or you have others, I’m happy to share my experience.